Posted by cakfu @ 11:44 on January 21st 2008

Framework Analysis of Comprehensive Security

There are two approaches used in the analytical framework of Comprehensive Security, based on the strategic interaction among the actors – the Normative Approach and the Subjective Approach . The Normative (Top-Down) point of view is based on the ideal of achieving universal values like human rights, freedom from fear and freedom from wants. The problem here is that sometimes the universal values such as human rights, civil society, etc are not applicable to every culture. Taking an example from human security using the normative point of view, the value of human rights which is based on Western culture focuses more on respect for the individual freedom, while in Eastern culture, collectivity is taken to be the main value in the most social activities. Thus, cultural respect should be taken into account in applying the normative model of comprehensive security.
The second approach is the subjective (bottom-up) point of view that is established on the objective condition of society. This model defines that comprehensive security as the main goal can only be reached if the basic needs of society are fulfilled. This concept generates a question: in what ways can the basic needs (human security) of society be fulfilled when the state security is absent, since state security such as stability of the state is required to ensure human security.
Comprehensive Security comprises two inter-related components: five core concepts and six core dimensions. These components help in analysing complex situations of comprehensive security. This framework analyses the disaster situation in two ways – by looking at the diagnostic problem and the intervention problem. In both cases, it has to be clarified as to who or what exactly is affected by the disaster or the intervention at a particular moment. Further, the framework elaborates five core concepts (actor, goals, resources, interactions, and institutions) with six dimensions of comprehensive security (political security, economic security, environmental security, heath security, food security, and social security) to answer these questions.
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Posted by cakfu @ 11:41 on January 21st 2008

Comprehensive Security

The concept of comprehensive security has changed with developments in the international situation. The global market issue and issue of universality (Human Rights, Gender, Civil Society, etc) have influenced the awareness of the people around the world concerning individual freedom. The debate of security emerged in the 17th century when it defined that the state had the rights to protect its citizenship. Traditionally, the notion of security is described as the state’s ability to counter external threats, and this is documented in Chapter VII of the UN Charter 1945. In the classical formulation, security is about how states use force to manage threats to their territorial integrity, their autonomy, and their domestic political order, primarily from other states. Therefore, a critic would take issue with this classical definition that the notion of security is unilateralist which is restricted to the military threat from the rival state. The other criticism is that the meaning of security in the classical formulation implicitly points to the protection and the welfare of the state. With this, the question arises as to how the state welfare can be reached when the welfare and the protection of individuals or citizens are not ensured.
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Posted by cakfu @ 11:40 on January 21st 2008

Definition of Disability

In order to give a clear understanding on this pilot project, the definition of disabled people will be discussed first. There is dissimilarity among scientists in the definition of disability. This dissimilarity causes differences in defining the data of disabled people which are published by institutions. For instance, data from medical institutions often refer to the medical term while social institutions use a broader definition which includes the social condition of the disabled person such as ability to perform normally in a society. Lexically, disability is defined as: 1) a physical or mental condition which means that you cannot use a part of your body completely or easily. 2) The state of not being able to use a part of your body completely or easily; the state of not being able to learn easily. Further, Oxford dictionary specifies the definition of disability in terms of the causes of being disabled. Disabled is defined as ‘unable to use a part of the body completely or easily because of a physical condition, illness, injury, etcetera; unable to learn easily, mentally disabled’. These definitions are normally used in common conversations when people refer to the definition of disability or disabled people.
Scientists have also given a social definition on disability. Handicap is a state of disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, and social as well as cultural factors). In this definition, handicap is related to the cultural condition of the given person, which describes his social and also economic roles in the society compared to other members. Further, the status of the disabled is linked to the interaction of the persons with specific circumstances and culture. Someone who is considered a handicap in a certain society may not be considered as one in another society.
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Posted by cakfu @ 17:24 on January 16th 2008

Inclusive Community (Sebuah Dekonstruksi Paradigma tentang Difabel)

CONFIDENT (Center on Difabel Community Development and Empowerment) merupakan sebuah program yang dirancang oleh PUSDAKOTA dengan misi untuk mendorong penguatan serta pengembangan komunitas difabel (penyandang cacat) di masyarakat. CONFIDENT selama 2 tahun (2005 – 2007) menerjemahkan visi dan misinya kedalam tiga program utama; penelitian, pengembangan komunitas difabel, dan pelatihan pengembangan karakter bagi difabel. Program pengembangan dan penguatan komunitas difabel dipandang perlu karena didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa kehidupan kelompok difabel belum terintegrasi secara total dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Fasilitas umum yang tidak bersahabat dengan kondisi para difabel serta masih kuatnya pandangan negatif masyarakat terhadap keberadaan para difabel merupakan hambatan utama bagi para difabel dalam bersosialisasi dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.
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Posted by cakfu @ 22:00 on January 12th 2008

Kisah Sumi

Sore itu cuaca tampak cerah, langit tampak begitu biru membuat pemandangan begitu sangat indah. Sumi tampak tampak duduk di bangku bambu di teras rumahnya yang terbuat dari anyaman bambu (gedek) sambil memangku Ratmi anak perempuan satu-satunya. Ratmi adalah putri satu-satunya hasil pernikahannya dengan Dasan.
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Posted by cakfu @ 16:38 on January 4th 2008

DIFABEL

Sekarang ini telah banyak orang menggunakan kata difabel sebagai kata gabti untuk sebutan penyandang cacat. Bahkan Harian Kompas telah menggunakan kata difabel sebagai kata resmi dalam setiap tulisannya. Namun tak banyak orang tahu kapan dan bagaimana kata difabel itu muncul. Kata difabel ternyata pertama kali muncul bukan dari sebuah seminar atau symposium nasional, namun hasil dari obrolan santai dua orang aktivis gerakan social Mansour Fakih (INSIST Jogja) dan Setya Adi Purwanta (Dria Manunggal-Jogja). Saat itu keduanya sedang asyik berbincang lewat telepon. Seperti kutipan pembicaraan di bawah ini.
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Posted by cakfu @ 01:05 on December 30th 2007

SERIBU MATA

Pada jam 3.30 tiba-tiba telepon berdering nyaring. Daslan bergegas bangun sambil mengucek-ucek matanya yang masih mengantuk. Tidak biasa telepon berdering sepagi ini.

“Ayah meninggal, cepat pulang!.Pemakaman hari ini jam satu siang!”, terdengar suara dari seberang telepon. Suara itu sudah tiga ahun tidak terdengar lagi. Kini tiba-tiba suara itu memenuhi seluruh ruang telinganya. Tidak ada yang berubah dalam nada suara itu. Masih tetap tegas, apa adanya,dan seperti ada jarak yang tidak diketahui berapa jauhnya. Daslan tidak mengetahui secara persis apa yang sebenarnya dirasakan, sedihkah?Gembirakah? Tak tahu! Tapi nada dari seberang telepon itu masih terngiang-ngiang dan mengingatkan Daslan pada sepasang mata yang menatapnya tanpa rasa persahabatan. Selanjutnya nada suara itu juga mengingatkan kepada pasangan-pasangan mata yang lain yang menatapnya dengan seribu wajah.

Daslan membangunkan Darmi isterinya yang masih juga mengantuk.

“Ayah meninggal. Kita mesti pulang. Pemakaman siang nanti”, kata Daslan sambil melipat selimut tebal. Keduanya lalu bangun dan bergegas menyiapkan pakaian serta barang yang harus dibawa.. Paling tidak mereka harus tinggal selama tiga hari di rumah ayahnya di desa Karangkobar.
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Posted by cakfu @ 10:37 on December 16th 2007

Kritik Pemberdayaan Difabel

Sebut saja Ninu, gadis difabel daksa pada suatu sore didatangi oleh seorang petugas Dinas Sosial Kabupaten. Dia diminta untuk mendaftar menjadi peserta pelatihan menjahit yang diselenggarakan oleh Dinas Sosial setempat. Ninu sempat menjawab,”Lho pak saya kan sudah dua kali ikut pelatihan”. Kemudian pegawai Dinsos tadi menjawab,”gak apa-apa siapa lagi kalau bukan kamu, susah cari penyandang cacat. Ini datanya harus cepat-cepat dikirim ke pusat”. Akhirnya Ninu pun mengiyakan untuk ikut pelatihan menjahit untuk yang ketiga kalinya dengan materi, guru, dan tempat yang sama. Ninu sudah pernah mendapatkan dua mesin jahit dari hasil pelatihan tersebut, namun sekarang tinggal satu karena salah satu mesin jahit sudah dijual untuk tambahan beli kebutuhan sehari-hari. Bagi Ninu kesempatan ini diterimanya dengan senang hati karena selain bertambah teman, yang jelas koleksi mesin jahitnya pun akan bertambah.
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Posted by cakfu @ 09:27 on December 16th 2007

Beretika dengan Difabel

Difabel adalah kelompok masyarakat yang memiliki kondisi atau bentuk tubuh serta kemampuan yang berbeda dengan anggota masyarakat yang lain. Oleh karena itu ada tata cara atau etika tersendiri dalam berinteraksi dengan mereka.
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Posted by cakfu @ 13:35 on December 6th 2007

Pekerjaan yang Layak untuk Kaum Difabel

Tema International Disability Day yang diperingati setiap tanggal 3 Desember pada tahun ini mengambil tema “decent work for people with disabilities”, atau pekerjaan yang layak bagi kaum difabel atau penyandang cacat. Menurut data Dinas Sosial Jatim jumlah difabel di Jawa Timur adalah 79.869 orang sementara untuk kota Surabaya ada sekitar 816 orang. Dari sekian jumlah yang ada hanya sekitar 10% difabel yang mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak. Selebihnya mereka adalah pengangguran dan bekerja pada sektor non-formal. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh terbatasnya akses lapangan kerja yang tersedia bagi kaum difabel.
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